The Open Dynamics of Braitenberg VehiclesBy: Scott Hotton, Jeff Yoshimi An introduction to dynamical systems theory, a detailed mathematical analysis of pairs of Braitenberg vehicles, and a look at how these results apply to the study of physical and biological organisms. Powering the concept of a Braitenberg vehicle, developed in 1984 by the Italian Austrian cyberneticist Valentino Braitenberg, is the idea that simple systems can produce complex behaviors. A pair of interacting Braitenberg